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Concepts

Detailed explanations of Kubernetes system concepts and abstractions.

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Volumes

On-disk files in a container are ephemeral, which presents some problems for non-trivial applications when running in containers. First, when a container crashes, kubelet will restart it, but the files will be lost - the container starts with a clean state. Second, when running containers together in a Pod it is often necessary to share files between those containers. The Kubernetes Volume abstraction solves both of these problems.

Familiarity with pods is suggested.

Background

Docker also has a concept of volumes, though it is somewhat looser and less managed. In Docker, a volume is simply a directory on disk or in another container. Lifetimes are not managed and until very recently there were only local-disk-backed volumes. Docker now provides volume drivers, but the functionality is very limited for now (e.g. as of Docker 1.7 only one volume driver is allowed per container and there is no way to pass parameters to volumes).

A Kubernetes volume, on the other hand, has an explicit lifetime - the same as the pod that encloses it. Consequently, a volume outlives any containers that run within the Pod, and data is preserved across Container restarts. Of course, when a Pod ceases to exist, the volume will cease to exist, too. Perhaps more importantly than this, Kubernetes supports many types of volumes, and a Pod can use any number of them simultaneously.

At its core, a volume is just a directory, possibly with some data in it, which is accessible to the containers in a pod. How that directory comes to be, the medium that backs it, and the contents of it are determined by the particular volume type used.

To use a volume, a pod specifies what volumes to provide for the pod (the spec.volumes field) and where to mount those into containers (the spec.containers.volumeMounts field).

A process in a container sees a filesystem view composed from their Docker image and volumes. The Docker image is at the root of the filesystem hierarchy, and any volumes are mounted at the specified paths within the image. Volumes can not mount onto other volumes or have hard links to other volumes. Each container in the Pod must independently specify where to mount each volume.

Types of Volumes

Kubernetes supports several types of Volumes:

We welcome additional contributions.

awsElasticBlockStore

An awsElasticBlockStore volume mounts an Amazon Web Services (AWS) EBS Volume into your pod. Unlike emptyDir, which is erased when a Pod is removed, the contents of an EBS volume are preserved and the volume is merely unmounted. This means that an EBS volume can be pre-populated with data, and that data can be “handed off” between pods.

Important: You must create an EBS volume using aws ec2 create-volume or the AWS API before you can use it.

There are some restrictions when using an awsElasticBlockStore volume:

Creating an EBS volume

Before you can use an EBS volume with a pod, you need to create it.

aws ec2 create-volume --availability-zone=eu-west-1a --size=10 --volume-type=gp2

Make sure the zone matches the zone you brought up your cluster in. (And also check that the size and EBS volume type are suitable for your use!)

AWS EBS Example configuration

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-ebs
spec:
  containers:
  - image: k8s.gcr.io/test-webserver
    name: test-container
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /test-ebs
      name: test-volume
  volumes:
  - name: test-volume
    # This AWS EBS volume must already exist.
    awsElasticBlockStore:
      volumeID: <volume-id>
      fsType: ext4

azureDisk

A azureDisk is used to mount a Microsoft Azure Data Disk into a Pod.

More details can be found here.

azureFile

A azureFile is used to mount a Microsoft Azure File Volume (SMB 2.1 and 3.0) into a Pod.

More details can be found here.

cephfs

A cephfs volume allows an existing CephFS volume to be mounted into your pod. Unlike emptyDir, which is erased when a Pod is removed, the contents of a cephfs volume are preserved and the volume is merely unmounted. This means that a CephFS volume can be pre-populated with data, and that data can be “handed off” between pods. CephFS can be mounted by multiple writers simultaneously.

Important: You must have your own Ceph server running with the share exported before you can use it.

See the CephFS example for more details.

configMap

The configMap resource provides a way to inject configuration data into Pods. The data stored in a ConfigMap object can be referenced in a volume of type configMap and then consumed by containerized applications running in a Pod.

When referencing a configMap object, you can simply provide its name in the volume to reference it. You can also customize the path to use for a specific entry in the ConfigMap. For example, to mount the log-config ConfigMap onto a Pod called configmap-pod, you might use the YAML below:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: configmap-pod
spec:
  containers:
    - name: test
      image: busybox
      volumeMounts:
        - name: config-vol
          mountPath: /etc/config
  volumes:
    - name: config-vol
      configMap:
        name: log-config
        items:
          - key: log_level
            path: log_level

The log-config ConfigMap is mounted as a volume, and all contents stored in its log_level entry are mounted into the Pod at path “/etc/config/log_level”. Note that this path is derived from the volume’s mountPath and the path keyed with log_level.

Note: A container using a ConfigMap as a subPath volume mount will not receive ConfigMap updates.

downwardAPI

A downwardAPI volume is used to make downward API data available to applications. It mounts a directory and writes the requested data in plain text files.

Note: A container using Downward API as a subPath volume mount will not receive Downward API updates.

See the downwardAPI volume example for more details.

emptyDir

An emptyDir volume is first created when a Pod is assigned to a Node, and exists as long as that Pod is running on that node. As the name says, it is initially empty. Containers in the pod can all read and write the same files in the emptyDir volume, though that volume can be mounted at the same or different paths in each container. When a Pod is removed from a node for any reason, the data in the emptyDir is deleted forever.

Note: a container crashing does NOT remove a pod from a node, so the data in an emptyDir volume is safe across container crashes.

Some uses for an emptyDir are:

By default, emptyDir volumes are stored on whatever medium is backing the node - that might be disk or SSD or network storage, depending on your environment. However, you can set the emptyDir.medium field to "Memory" to tell Kubernetes to mount a tmpfs (RAM-backed filesystem) for you instead. While tmpfs is very fast, be aware that unlike disks, tmpfs is cleared on node reboot and any files you write will count against your container’s memory limit.

Example pod

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-pd
spec:
  containers:
  - image: k8s.gcr.io/test-webserver
    name: test-container
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /cache
      name: cache-volume
  volumes:
  - name: cache-volume
    emptyDir: {}

fc (fibre channel)

An fc volume allows an existing fibre channel volume to be mounted in a pod. You can specify single or multiple target World Wide Names using the parameter targetWWNs in your volume configuration. If multiple WWNs are specified, targetWWNs expect that those WWNs are from multi-path connections.

Important: You must configure FC SAN Zoning to allocate and mask those LUNs (volumes) to the target WWNs beforehand so that Kubernetes hosts can access them.

See the FC example for more details.

flocker

Flocker is an open-source clustered container data volume manager. It provides management and orchestration of data volumes backed by a variety of storage backends.

A flocker volume allows a Flocker dataset to be mounted into a pod. If the dataset does not already exist in Flocker, it needs to be first created with the Flocker CLI or by using the Flocker API. If the dataset already exists it will be reattached by Flocker to the node that the pod is scheduled. This means data can be “handed off” between pods as required.

Important: You must have your own Flocker installation running before you can use it.

See the Flocker example for more details.

gcePersistentDisk

A gcePersistentDisk volume mounts a Google Compute Engine (GCE) Persistent Disk into your pod. Unlike emptyDir, which is erased when a Pod is removed, the contents of a PD are preserved and the volume is merely unmounted. This means that a PD can be pre-populated with data, and that data can be “handed off” between pods.

Important: You must create a PD using gcloud or the GCE API or UI before you can use it.

There are some restrictions when using a gcePersistentDisk:

A feature of PD is that they can be mounted as read-only by multiple consumers simultaneously. This means that you can pre-populate a PD with your dataset and then serve it in parallel from as many pods as you need. Unfortunately, PDs can only be mounted by a single consumer in read-write mode - no simultaneous writers allowed.

Using a PD on a pod controlled by a ReplicationController will fail unless the PD is read-only or the replica count is 0 or 1.

Creating a PD

Before you can use a GCE PD with a pod, you need to create it.

gcloud compute disks create --size=500GB --zone=us-central1-a my-data-disk

Example pod

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-pd
spec:
  containers:
  - image: k8s.gcr.io/test-webserver
    name: test-container
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /test-pd
      name: test-volume
  volumes:
  - name: test-volume
    # This GCE PD must already exist.
    gcePersistentDisk:
      pdName: my-data-disk
      fsType: ext4

gitRepo

A gitRepo volume is an example of what can be done as a volume plugin. It mounts an empty directory and clones a git repository into it for your pod to use. In the future, such volumes may be moved to an even more decoupled model, rather than extending the Kubernetes API for every such use case.

Here is an example for gitRepo volume:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: server
spec:
  containers:
  - image: nginx
    name: nginx
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /mypath
      name: git-volume
  volumes:
  - name: git-volume
    gitRepo:
      repository: "git@somewhere:me/my-git-repository.git"
      revision: "22f1d8406d464b0c0874075539c1f2e96c253775"

glusterfs

A glusterfs volume allows a Glusterfs (an open source networked filesystem) volume to be mounted into your pod. Unlike emptyDir, which is erased when a Pod is removed, the contents of a glusterfs volume are preserved and the volume is merely unmounted. This means that a glusterfs volume can be pre-populated with data, and that data can be “handed off” between pods. GlusterFS can be mounted by multiple writers simultaneously.

Important: You must have your own GlusterFS installation running before you can use it.

See the GlusterFS example for more details.

hostPath

A hostPath volume mounts a file or directory from the host node’s filesystem into your pod. This is not something that most Pods will need, but it offers a powerful escape hatch for some applications.

For example, some uses for a hostPath are:

In addition to the required path property, user can optionally specify a type for a hostPath volume.

The supported values for field type are:

Value Behavior
  Empty string (default) is for backward compatibility, which means that no checks will be performed before mounting the hostPath volume.
DirectoryOrCreate If nothing exists at the given path, an empty directory will be created there as needed with permission set to 0755, having the same group and ownership with Kubelet.
Directory A directory must exist at the given path
FileOrCreate If nothing exists at the given path, an empty file will be created there as needed with permission set to 0644, having the same group and ownership with Kubelet.
File A file must exist at the given path
Socket A UNIX socket must exist at the given path
CharDevice A character device must exist at the given path
BlockDevice A block device must exist at the given path

Watch out when using this type of volume, because:

Example pod

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-pd
spec:
  containers:
  - image: k8s.gcr.io/test-webserver
    name: test-container
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /test-pd
      name: test-volume
  volumes:
  - name: test-volume
    hostPath:
      # directory location on host
      path: /data
      # this field is optional
      type: Directory

iscsi

An iscsi volume allows an existing iSCSI (SCSI over IP) volume to be mounted into your pod. Unlike emptyDir, which is erased when a Pod is removed, the contents of an iscsi volume are preserved and the volume is merely unmounted. This means that an iscsi volume can be pre-populated with data, and that data can be “handed off” between pods.

Important: You must have your own iSCSI server running with the volume created before you can use it.

A feature of iSCSI is that it can be mounted as read-only by multiple consumers simultaneously. This means that you can pre-populate a volume with your dataset and then serve it in parallel from as many pods as you need. Unfortunately, iSCSI volumes can only be mounted by a single consumer in read-write mode - no simultaneous writers allowed.

See the iSCSI example for more details.

local

FEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.7 alpha

This feature is currently in a alpha state, meaning:

  • The version names contain alpha (e.g. v1alpha1).
  • Might be buggy. Enabling the feature may expose bugs. Disabled by default.
  • Support for feature may be dropped at any time without notice.
  • The API may change in incompatible ways in a later software release without notice.
  • Recommended for use only in short-lived testing clusters, due to increased risk of bugs and lack of long-term support.

This alpha feature requires the PersistentLocalVolumes feature gate to be enabled.

Note: Starting in 1.9, the VolumeScheduling feature gate must also be enabled.

A local volume represents a mounted local storage device such as a disk, partition or directory.

Local volumes can only be used as a statically created PersistentVolume.

Compared to hostPath volumes, local volumes can be used in a durable manner without manually scheduling pods to nodes, as the system is aware of the volume’s node constraints by looking at the node affinity on the PersistentVolume.

However, local volumes are still subject to the availability of the underlying node and are not suitable for all applications.

The following is an example PersistentVolume spec using a local volume:

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: example-pv
  annotations:
        "volume.alpha.kubernetes.io/node-affinity": '{
            "requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution": {
                "nodeSelectorTerms": [
                    { "matchExpressions": [
                        { "key": "kubernetes.io/hostname",
                          "operator": "In",
                          "values": ["example-node"]
                        }
                    ]}
                 ]}
              }'
spec:
    capacity:
      storage: 100Gi
    accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
    persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Delete
    storageClassName: local-storage
    local:
      path: /mnt/disks/ssd1

Note: The local PersistentVolume cleanup and deletion requires manual intervention without the external provisioner.

Starting in 1.9, local volume binding can be delayed until pod scheduling by creating a StorageClass with volumeBindingMode set to WaitForFirstConsumer. See the example. Delaying volume binding ensures that the volume binding decision will also be evaluated with any other node constraints the pod may have, such as node resource requirements, node selectors, pod affinity, and pod anti-affinity.

For details on the local volume type, see the Local Persistent Storage user guide.

nfs

An nfs volume allows an existing NFS (Network File System) share to be mounted into your pod. Unlike emptyDir, which is erased when a Pod is removed, the contents of an nfs volume are preserved and the volume is merely unmounted. This means that an NFS volume can be pre-populated with data, and that data can be “handed off” between pods. NFS can be mounted by multiple writers simultaneously.

Important: You must have your own NFS server running with the share exported before you can use it.

See the NFS example for more details.

persistentVolumeClaim

A persistentVolumeClaim volume is used to mount a PersistentVolume into a pod. PersistentVolumes are a way for users to “claim” durable storage (such as a GCE PersistentDisk or an iSCSI volume) without knowing the details of the particular cloud environment.

See the PersistentVolumes example for more details.

projected

A projected volume maps several existing volume sources into the same directory.

Currently, the following types of volume sources can be projected:

All sources are required to be in the same namespace as the pod. For more details, see the all-in-one volume design document.

Example pod with a secret, a downward API, and a configmap.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
            - path: "labels"
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.labels
            - path: "cpu_limit"
              resourceFieldRef:
                containerName: container-test
                resource: limits.cpu
      - configMap:
          name: myconfigmap
          items:
            - key: config
              path: my-group/my-config

Example pod with multiple secrets with a non-default permission mode set.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - secret:
          name: mysecret2
          items:
            - key: password
              path: my-group/my-password
              mode: 511

Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:

Note: A container using a projected volume source as a subPath volume mount will not receive updates for those volume sources.

portworxVolume

A portworxVolume is an elastic block storage layer that runs hyperconverged with Kubernetes. Portworx fingerprints storage in a server, tiers based on capabilities, and aggregates capacity across multiple servers. Portworx runs in-guest in virtual machines or on bare metal Linux nodes.

A portworxVolume can be dynamically created through Kubernetes or it can also be pre-provisioned and referenced inside a Kubernetes pod. Here is an example pod referencing a pre-provisioned PortworxVolume:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-portworx-volume-pod
spec:
  containers:
  - image: k8s.gcr.io/test-webserver
    name: test-container
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /mnt
      name: pxvol
  volumes:
  - name: pxvol
    # This Portworx volume must already exist.
    portworxVolume:
      volumeID: "pxvol"
      fsType: "<fs-type>"

Important: Make sure you have an existing PortworxVolume with name pxvol before using it in the pod.

More details and examples can be found here.

quobyte

A quobyte volume allows an existing Quobyte volume to be mounted into your pod.

Important: You must have your own Quobyte setup running with the volumes created before you can use it.

See the Quobyte example for more details.

rbd

An rbd volume allows a Rados Block Device volume to be mounted into your pod. Unlike emptyDir, which is erased when a Pod is removed, the contents of a rbd volume are preserved and the volume is merely unmounted. This means that a RBD volume can be pre-populated with data, and that data can be “handed off” between pods.

Important: You must have your own Ceph installation running before you can use RBD.

A feature of RBD is that it can be mounted as read-only by multiple consumers simultaneously. This means that you can pre-populate a volume with your dataset and then serve it in parallel from as many pods as you need. Unfortunately, RBD volumes can only be mounted by a single consumer in read-write mode - no simultaneous writers allowed.

See the RBD example for more details.

scaleIO

ScaleIO is a software-based storage platform that can use existing hardware to create clusters of scalable shared block networked storage. The scaleIO volume plugin allows deployed pods to access existing ScaleIO volumes (or it can dynamically provision new volumes for persistent volume claims, see ScaleIO Persistent Volumes).

Important: You must have an existing ScaleIO cluster already setup and running with the volumes created before you can use them.

The following is an example pod configuration with ScaleIO:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-0
spec:
  containers:
  - image: k8s.gcr.io/test-webserver
    name: pod-0
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /test-pd
      name: vol-0
  volumes:
  - name: vol-0
    scaleIO:
      gateway: https://localhost:443/api
      system: scaleio
      protectionDomain: sd0
      storagePool: sp1
      volumeName: vol-0
      secretRef:
        name: sio-secret
      fsType: xfs

For further detail, please the see the ScaleIO examples.

secret

A secret volume is used to pass sensitive information, such as passwords, to pods. You can store secrets in the Kubernetes API and mount them as files for use by pods without coupling to Kubernetes directly. secret volumes are backed by tmpfs (a RAM-backed filesystem) so they are never written to non-volatile storage.

Important: You must create a secret in the Kubernetes API before you can use it.

Note: A container using a Secret as a subPath volume mount will not receive Secret updates.

Secrets are described in more detail here.

storageOS

A storageos volume allows an existing StorageOS volume to be mounted into your pod.

StorageOS runs as a container within your Kubernetes environment, making local or attached storage accessible from any node within the Kubernetes cluster. Data can be replicated to protect against node failure. Thin provisioning and compression can improve utilization and reduce cost.

At its core, StorageOS provides block storage to containers, accessible via a file system.

The StorageOS container requires 64-bit Linux and has no additional dependencies. A free developer license is available.

Important: You must run the StorageOS container on each node that wants to access StorageOS volumes or that will contribute storage capacity to the pool. For installation instructions, consult the StorageOS documentation.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  labels:
    name: redis
    role: master
  name: test-storageos-redis
spec:
  containers:
    - name: master
      image: kubernetes/redis:v1
      env:
        - name: MASTER
          value: "true"
      ports:
        - containerPort: 6379
      volumeMounts:
        - mountPath: /redis-master-data
          name: redis-data
  volumes:
    - name: redis-data
      storageos:
        # The `redis-vol01` volume must already exist within StorageOS in the `default` namespace.
        volumeName: redis-vol01
        fsType: ext4

For more information including Dynamic Provisioning and Persistent Volume Claims, please see the StorageOS examples.

vsphereVolume

Prerequisite: Kubernetes with vSphere Cloud Provider configured. For cloudprovider configuration please refer vSphere getting started guide.

A vsphereVolume is used to mount a vSphere VMDK Volume into your Pod. The contents of a volume are preserved when it is unmounted. It supports both VMFS and VSAN datastore.

Important: You must create VMDK using one of the following method before using with POD.

Creating a VMDK volume

Choose one of the following methods to create a VMDK.

First ssh into ESX, then use the following command to create a VMDK:

vmkfstools -c 2G /vmfs/volumes/DatastoreName/volumes/myDisk.vmdk

Use the following command to create a VMDK:

vmware-vdiskmanager -c -t 0 -s 40GB -a lsilogic myDisk.vmdk

vSphere VMDK Example configuration

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-vmdk
spec:
  containers:
  - image: k8s.gcr.io/test-webserver
    name: test-container
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /test-vmdk
      name: test-volume
  volumes:
  - name: test-volume
    # This VMDK volume must already exist.
    vsphereVolume:
      volumePath: "[DatastoreName] volumes/myDisk"
      fsType: ext4

More examples can be found here.

Using subPath

Sometimes, it is useful to share one volume for multiple uses in a single pod. The volumeMounts.subPath property can be used to specify a sub-path inside the referenced volume instead of its root.

Here is an example of a pod with a LAMP stack (Linux Apache Mysql PHP) using a single, shared volume. The HTML contents are mapped to its html folder, and the databases will be stored in its mysql folder:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: my-lamp-site
spec:
    containers:
    - name: mysql
      image: mysql
      env:
      - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
        value: "rootpasswd" 
      volumeMounts:
      - mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
        name: site-data
        subPath: mysql
    - name: php
      image: php:7.0-apache
      volumeMounts:
      - mountPath: /var/www/html
        name: site-data
        subPath: html
    volumes:
    - name: site-data
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: my-lamp-site-data

Resources

The storage media (Disk, SSD, etc.) of an emptyDir volume is determined by the medium of the filesystem holding the kubelet root dir (typically /var/lib/kubelet). There is no limit on how much space an emptyDir or hostPath volume can consume, and no isolation between containers or between pods.

In the future, we expect that emptyDir and hostPath volumes will be able to request a certain amount of space using a resource specification, and to select the type of media to use, for clusters that have several media types.

Out-of-Tree Volume Plugins

In addition to the previously listed volume types, storage vendors may create custom plugins without adding it to the Kubernetes repository. This can be achieved by using either the CSI plugin or the FlexVolume plugin.

For storage vendors looking to create an out-of-tree volume plugin, please refer to this FAQ for choosing between the plugin options.

CSI

CSI stands for Container Storage Interface, a specification attempting to establish an industry standard interface that container orchestration systems can use to expose arbitrary storage systems to their container workloads. Please read CSI design proposal for further information.

The csi volume type is an in-tree CSI volume plugin for Pods to interact with external CSI volume drivers running on the same node. After having deployed a CSI compatible volume driver, users can use csi as the volume type to mount the storage provided by the driver.

CSI persistent volume support is an alpha feature in Kubernetes v1.9 and requires a cluster administrator to enable it. To enable CSI persistent volume support, the cluster administrator adds CSIPersistentVolume=true to the --feature-gates flag for apiserver, controller-manager, and kubelet.

The following fields are available to storage administrators to configure a CSI persistent volume:

FlexVolume

FlexVolume enables users to mount vendor volumes into a pod. The vendor plugin is implemented using a driver, an executable supporting a list of volume commands defined by the FlexVolume API. Drivers must be installed in a pre-defined volume plugin path on each node. Pods interact with FlexVolume drivers through the flexVolume in-tree plugin.

More details can be found here.

Mount propagation

Note: Mount propagation is an alpha feature in Kubernetes 1.8 and may be redesigned or even removed in future releases.

Mount propagation allows for sharing volumes mounted by a Container to other Containers in the same Pod, or even to other Pods on the same node.

If the “MountPropagation” feature is disabled, volume mounts in pods are not propagated. That is, Containers run with private mount propagation as described in the Linux kernel documentation.

To enable this feature, specify MountPropagation=true in the --feature-gates command line option for the API server and kubelets. When enabled, the volumeMounts field of a Container has a new mountPropagation subfield. Its values are:

Caution: Bidirectional mount propagation can be dangerous. It can damage the host operating system and therefore it is allowed only in privileged Containers. Familiarity with Linux kernel behavior is strongly recommended. In addition, any volume mounts created by Containers in Pods must be destroyed (unmounted) by the Containers on termination.

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